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The origins of the Xoloitzcuintli can be traced to pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, particularly in regions that are now part of Mexico. The breed's name is a combination of the Aztec word "Xolotl," which refers to a god associated with death and transformation, and "itzcuintli," meaning dog. According to ancient belief, the Xoloitzcuintli was regarded as a sacred animal with the ability to guide souls safely to the afterlife.

These dogs were highly regarded and were often included in important rituals, such as burials. They were also believed to possess healing and protective powers. It was believed that the Xolo's warm body and energy could alleviate various ailments, including arthritis and respiratory issues. As a result, they were kept as treasured companions and were often found in the homes of royalty, priests, and nobility.

During the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 16th century, the Xoloitzcuintli faced a decline in population due to the arrival of European dog breeds. The Spanish colonizers and missionaries disapproved of the native practices associated with the Xolo and attempted to eradicate the breed. However, thanks to the efforts of indigenous communities and dedicated breed enthusiasts, the Xoloitzcuintli survived and managed to maintain its unique characteristics.

In the 20th century, interest in the Xoloitzcuintli was rekindled, and efforts were made to preserve and promote the breed. In 1956, the Mexican government declared the Xoloitzcuintli a national treasure and actively supported its conservation. Various breeders and enthusiasts worked to establish breeding programs, maintain breed standards, and increase the population.

There are three sizes of Xoloitzcuintli: toy, miniature, and standard. They are characterized by their hairlessness, although there is also a coated variety. The hairless Xolos have smooth, soft skin, while the coated Xolos have a short, dense coat. They have a lean and elegant build, with a muscular body and a distinctively shaped head.

Today, the Xoloitzcuintli is recognized by major kennel clubs around the world, including the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). Despite their ancient lineage, Xolos remain relatively rare compared to other dog breeds. However, they have gained a devoted following due to their unique appearance, loyal nature, and historical significance.

The Xoloitzcuintli serves as a living link to Mexico's ancient past, a cherished companion, and a symbol of cultural heritage. With their fascinating history and remarkable attributes, these dogs continue to captivate the hearts of people around the globe.

General Structure & Appearance
Xoloitzcuintli, commonly known as Xolo or Mexican Hairless Dog, has a distinct physical structure that sets it apart from other dog breeds. It's important to note that individual Xolos may vary slightly in their physical structure, as well as in height and weight, depending on their genetic makeup and the specific lineage. The ranges mentioned above serve as general guidelines for each size variety.

Size: Xolos come in three size varieties: toy, miniature, and standard. The size classification may vary slightly depending on the kennel club or organization. The height and weight ranges for each size are as follows:

Toy Xolo: Height ranges from 23-36 cm at the shoulder.
Weight typically ranges from 2-7 kg.

Miniature Xolo: Height ranges from 36-46 cm at the shoulder.
Weight typically ranges from 7-14 kg.

Standard Xolo: Height ranges from 46-58 cm at the shoulder.
Weight typically ranges from 11-18 kg.

Body: Xolos have a well-balanced and athletic body structure. They are medium-boned and muscular, despite their slim appearance. Their body is slightly longer than their height, giving them a rectangular or square-shaped outline. The chest is moderately broad, and the back is strong and level.

Head: Xolos have a distinct and elegant head shape. The skull is broad and slightly rounded, with a moderate stop. The muzzle is slightly tapered and may be slightly shorter than the skull. The ears are large and set high, often carried erect or semi-erect. The eyes are almond-shaped and can vary in color, depending on the coat color.

Coat: Xolos has two coat varieties: hairless and coated. The hairless variety has smooth, soft skin with minimal hair on certain areas, such as the head, tail, and feet. The coated variety has a short and dense coat that comes in various colors, including black, gray, liver, and various shades of brown. The coat is low-shedding and requires minimal grooming compared to many other breeds.

Tail: Xolos have a long, slender tail that tapers to a point. The tail can be either carried naturally or held high in a sickle shape when the dog is alert or excited.

 Uses By Humans

• Companion Dogs: They are known for their affectionate and loyal nature, making them excellent companion dogs. They form strong bonds with their owners and are highly attuned to their emotions. Xolos thrive on human companionship and enjoy being close to their family members. Their calm and gentle temperament makes them suitable for individuals and families looking for a devoted and loving pet.
  
  
• Therapy Dogs: They are calm and sensitive nature also makes them well-suited for therapy work. They have been utilized as therapy dogs, providing comfort and emotional support to individuals in hospitals, nursing homes, and other therapeutic settings. Their presence can help alleviate stress, anxiety, and loneliness in those they interact with.
  
  
• Agility and Obedience: They are intelligent and can excel in various dog sports and activities, including agility and obedience. They are known to be quick learners and are eager to please their owners. With positive reinforcement-based training methods, they can be trained to perform complex tasks and respond well to commands.
  
  
• Guard Dogs: Despite their friendly and gentle nature, Xolos have the instinct to protect their families and territory. They can be alert and responsive to potential threats, making them effective as watchful guard dogs. While they may not possess the size and physical prowess of some other guard dog breeds, their alertness and loyalty contribute to their protective abilities.
  
  
• Therapeutic Healing: Xolos have been historically believed to possess healing and protective powers by ancient civilizations. In some cultures, they are used in traditional healing practices, thought to help alleviate physical ailments and provide spiritual comfort. While these beliefs may not have a scientific basis, Xolos' presence and companionship can certainly have a positive impact on mental and emotional well-being.

Temperament
Xolos are typically calm, gentle, and affectionate. They are known for their loyalty and devotion to their owners. Xolos are often described as sensitive and intuitive, quickly picking up on their owners' moods and emotions. While they may be reserved or cautious with strangers, proper socialization from an early age can help them become more comfortable in new environments and with unfamiliar people or animals.

Trainability
Xolos are generally intelligent and responsive to training. They are known to be eager learners and enjoy mental stimulation. Positive reinforcement techniques, such as rewards, praise, and consistency, work well with Xolos. However, it's important to note that individual Xolos may have variations in their trainability and may require patient and consistent training methods tailored to their specific needs.